<p>Carbon is the most 'perfect' element that is recognized in SAM. It is not only the most geometrical and complete element it is also the&nbsp;'building block' for the larger elements. Multiple Carbon nuclets intertwined together are called the "backbone" of the Atom in the SAM model.</p>

<p>Carbon has 2 stable and 1 semi stable isotopes, C12, C13&nbsp;and semi-stable C-14.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p>Boron has 2 stable isotopes, B10 and B11. B11 makes up about 80%&nbsp;of the total natural abundance. Boron is close to the complete shape of Carbon and is therefore already "Carbon like" in behavior.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Boron&nbsp;is in effect a geometric 'in between state' between Lithium and Carbon.</p>

<p>Beryllium 9 is the only stable isotope.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Argon has 3 stable isotopes, Ar36, Ar, 38 and Ar, 40.&nbsp;</p>

<p>The valence is 0 as can be seen here represented by only green cappings / neutral endings.</p>

<p>Argon is the third noble gas after Helium and Neon.&nbsp;</p>

<p>See Argon 38 for description</p>